Sentence and Kind of Sentences

একাদশ- দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি - English English Grammar & Composition | - | NCTB BOOK
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Sentence 

এক বা একাধিক Word শৃঙ্খলভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে যদি একটি সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করে, তখন তাকে বাংলায় বাক্য এবং ইংরেজিতে Sentence বলে।

যেমন-

(i) The dog is a faithful animal.

(ii) He goes.

(iii) Run.

এখানে প্রথম বাক্যে একাধিক অর্থাৎ ৬টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে ২টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং তৃতীয় বাক্যে ১টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। তৃতীয় বাক্য দ্বারা বুঝা যায় ১টি word দ্বারাও বাক্য সম্ভব। শুধুমাত্র Run শব্দটি (word) দ্বারা কাউকে দৌড়াতে বলা হয়েছে। এভাবে ১টি word দ্বারাও থাকা সম্ভব। যেমন Good, Yes, No, Listen, What, Walk ইত্যাদি।

Kinds of Sentence 

অর্থভেদে Sentence পাঁচ প্রকার। অর্থাৎ প্রকাশভঙ্গির ধরন বা কারো মনোভাব প্রকাশের ওপর ভিত্তি করে Sentence-কে পাচ ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা— 

(i) Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক )

(ii) Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক )

(iii) Imperative Sentence (অনুজ্ঞাসুচক)

(iv) Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা বা আশীর্বাদসূচক বাক্য)

(v) Exclamatory Sentence (বিস্ময়সূচক)

 

গঠনভেদে : গঠনভেদে Sentence-কে আবার তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা :

A. Simple Sentence 

B. Complex Sentence

C. Compound Sentence

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
Do not waste your time in vain.
Do not waste time in vain.
Not waste your time in vain.
Do not waste your valuable time in vain.

Assertive Sentence

473
473

Assertive Sentence

যে Sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা সাধারণভাবে কোনো বিবৃতি প্রদান করা হয়, তাকে Assertive Sentence বলে। 

যেমন— I know him very well.

The wind is unfavourable.

Assertive Sentence আবার ২ প্রকার। যথা :

(1) Affirmative Sentence (হ্যাঁ বোধক বাক্য)

The Python moves slowly.

(ii) Negative Sentence (না বোধক বাক্য)

The Python does not move quickly. 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Assertive sentence
Optative Sentence
Imperative sentence
Complex sentence
I wish our cricket team to win the 'World Cup'.
I wish that our cricket team wins the 'World Cup'.
I wish that our cricket team could win the 'World Cup'.
I wish our cricket team can win the 'World Cup'.

Interrogative Sentence

455
455

Interrogative Sentence 

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা কোনো কিছু জানতে চাওয়া হয় অর্থাৎ প্রশ্ন করা হয়, তাকে Interrogative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(i) Do you like tea?

(ii) Where are you going now?

(iii) Does he read a book? 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Would you please don't worry?
Would you please not worry?
Please don't to worry.
Would you please not to worry?
Every body loves a liar?
Every body lives a liar?
Who does not hate a liar?
Who does not hates a liar?
Do anyone like acid-throwing?
Is there anyone who can hate acid-throwing?
Who does accept acid-throwing?
Who does accept acid-throwing?
Who knows him?
Does every one know him?
Who does not know him?
Is he known by every one?
What matters if I fail?
Does it matter if I fail?
What does it matter if I fail?
Doesn't it matter if I fail ?
What is matters if I fail

Imperative Sentence

860
860

Imperative Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ, অনুরোধ ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ পায়, তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Take care of your health. 

(ii) Let us go out for a walk.

[Note: Imperative Sentence-এ সচরাচর verb দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হয় । 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Let it be done.
Close the door.
The job is done.
She is cooking.
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
assertive sentence
imperative sentence
optative sentence
exclamation

Optative Sentence

462
462

Optative Sentence

যে বাক্য দ্বারা মনের ইচ্ছে বা কামনা, প্রার্থনা এসব বুঝায়, তাকে বলে Optative Sentence। 

যেমন— 

(1) May you live long.

(2) May Allah help you.

(3)May Allah help you. 

(4)May you recover soon.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

assertive sentence
imperative sentence
interogative sentence
optative sentence

Exclamatory Sentence

455
455

Exclamatory Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা মনের আনন্দ, সুখ, দুঃখ, বিস্ময় প্রভৃতি প্রকাশিত হয়, তাকে Exclamatory Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Hurrah! We have won the match.

(ii) Alas! I am undone.

(iii) How beautiful a bird is! 

(iv) What a sad piece of news it is!

[Note: অবশ্যই স্মরণ রাখতে হবে যে Interrogative Sentence-এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে এবং Exclamatory Sentence-এর পর (What/How দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে) বিস্ময়সূচক চিহ্ন (!) বসবে এবং Hurrah, Alas, Oh ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে উক্ত শব্দগুলোর পরেই বিস্ময় চিহ্ন (!) ও বাক্যের শেষে ফুল স্টপ (.) বসবে।

What a delicious meal!

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Time flies very swiftly!
How time does fly !
How does time fly!
What a time flies!

Simple Sentence

493
493

Simple Sentence

একটি মাত্র Subject এবং একটি মাত্র finite verb নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে Simple Sentence বলে।

Everyday we play football.

Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck to the crew.

The sun having set, we went home.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

a small sentence
An assertive sentence
any one clause sentene
Any easy-to-understand sentence
The machine is working beyond our expectations
If I make a promise, I keep it.
Tell me what you mean by this.
He does not always speak as he thinks.
A small sentence
An assertive sentence
An one-clause sentence
An easy-to-understand sentence

Complex Sentence

785
785

Complex Sentence

একটি Principal clause এবং  এক বা একাধিক sub-ordinate clause নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে  Complex Sentence বলে।

Example: 

He said that he was innocent.

This is the act that a wise man does. 

If you read, you will learn.

[Note: If, although, though, before, after, as, because, since, that, so that, unless, whether, when, where প্রভৃতি দ্বারা complex sentence  যুক্ত হয়। 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

If you buy one mobile, you get another mobile free
If you buy one mobile, you get one free
A mobile free on purchase of one mobile
Buy one mobile to get one free
None
compound sentence
complex-compound sentence
simple sentence
complex sentence
He had come after the sunset.
He came when the sun had set.
He come while the sun is set.
The sun had set and he came.
complex sentence
simple sentence
compound sentence
adverbial clause
English Language and Communication Reading Passage: Read the following text and answer questions :

When another old cave is discovered in the south of France, it is not usually news. Rather, it is an ordinary event. Such discoveries are so frequent these days that hardly anybody pays heed to them. However, when the Lascaux cave complex was discovered in 1940, the world was amazed. Painted directly on its wall were hundreds of scenes showing how people lived thousands of years ago. The scenes show people hunting animals, such as bison or wild cats. Other images depict birds and, most noticeably, horses, which appear in more than 300 wall images, by far outnumbering all other animals. Early artists drawing these animals accomplished a monumental and difficult task. They did not limit themselves to the easily accessible wall but carried their painting materials to spaces that required climbing steep walls or crawling into narrow passages in the Lascaux complex. Unfortunately, the paintings have been exposed to the destructive action of water and temperature changes, which easily wear the images away. Because the Lascaux caves have many entrances, air movement has also damaged the images inside. Although they are not out in the open air, where natural light would have destroyed them long ago, many of the images have deteriorated and are barely recognizable. To prevent further damage, the site was closed to tourists in 1963, 23 years it was discovered.

Many painting spaces were difficult to reach.
The caves were full of wild animals
Raninting materials were hard to find.
It was completely dark inside

Compound Sentence

578
578

Compound Sentence

একাধিক Independent principal clause, co- ordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, also, however, moreover, thus, so, therefore, else, as well as, yet, whereas, not only but also, otherwise) দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে, তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।

Example

You are a student, so you have to study well.

Do or die.

The thief saw the police and ran away.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

It seemed impossible that he could escape
Only those boys who will work hard will succeed
He not only made a promise but kept it
He kept the promise he had made
Even he is cruel but I like him
Although he is rich, he is honest
Despite being rich he is honest
In spite of honesty he is rich
His accumulation of riches did not affect his honesty
complex sentence
simple sentence
compound sentence
exclamatory sentence
He makes promise and tries to keep it
He made primise to keep it
As he made a promise , he kept it .
He not only made a promise but also kept it
Speak the truth , or I will kil you.
I will kill you, if you do not speak the truth .
I will not kill you, if you speak the truth.
Speak the truth, then I will not kill you.

Negative Sentence

646
646
common.please_contribute_to_add_content_into Negative Sentence.
Content
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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

I had no doubt whether he had passed.
I was not sure whether he had passed.
I was not doubtful whether he had passed.
I was not doubtless whether he had failed.
No one is better friend than he
No one is best friend as him
No friend is better friend than him
No friend is better friend than he
No star but the evening star appears
No star but only evening star appeared
None but the evening star has appeared
No star but evening star appeared
Does mother cook rice?
Has mother not cook rice/
Does not mother cook rice?
Does mother not cook rice?
There is no mother but loves her child.
Who does not loves her child.
(A+B)
None
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Request history8.2.28PHP Version104msRequest Duration12MBMemory UsageGET admission/{slug}Route
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app120μsselect `id`, `name`, `avatar` from `users` where `users`.`id` in (30549) and `users`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app1.93msselect * from (select `questions`.`id`, `questions`.`subject_id`, `questions`.`category_id`, `questions`.`sub_category_id`, `questions`.`board_exam_id`, `questions`.`passage_id`, `questions`.`question_type`, `questions`.`question`, `questions`.`is_duplicate`, `questions`.`status`, `questions`.`image`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, row_number() over (partition by `subjectables`.`subject_id` order by `questions`.`created_at` desc) as `laravel_row` from `questions` inner join `subjectables` on `questions`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` where `subjectables`.`subject_id` in (15152, 15159, 15160, 15161, 15162, 15163, 15164, 15165, 15166, 22814) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `questions`.`status` = 'active' and `questions`.`deleted_at` is null) as `laravel_table` where `laravel_row` <= 5 order by `laravel_row`
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app810μsselect `id`, `question_id`, `option_1`, `option_2`, `option_3`, `option_4`, `option_5`, `image_option`, `image_question`, `answer` from `question_options` where `question_options`.`question_id` in (86654, 86725, 88664, 89263, 89304, 89359, 89362, 100701, 100912, 101721, 102760, 109841, 123726, 123949, 124055, 127353, 132177, 146212, 151673, 153754, 153833, 176141, 176645, 212001, 239376, 244723, 246773, 247025, 247196, 247745, 247933, 248063, 251780, 252795, 252912, 253273, 253848, 255500, 255504, 258196, 259112, 259113) and `question_options`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app140μsselect `id`, `name`, `slug` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (73) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app700μsselect `subjects`.`id`, `subjects`.`name`, `subjects`.`slug`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, `subjectables`.`created_user_id` as `pivot_created_user_id`, `subjectables`.`deleted_at` as `pivot_deleted_at`, `subjectables`.`status` as `pivot_status`, `subjectables`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `subjectables`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `subjects` inner join `subjectables` on `subjects`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subject_id` where `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` in (86654, 86725, 88664, 89263, 89304, 89359, 89362, 100701, 100912, 101721, 102760, 109841, 123726, 123949, 124055, 127353, 132177, 146212, 151673, 153754, 153833, 176141, 176645, 212001, 239376, 244723, 246773, 247025, 247196, 247745, 247933, 248063, 251780, 252795, 252912, 253273, 253848, 255500, 255504, 258196, 259112, 259113) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:122
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
      • SubjectRepository.php#125satt_satt_mobile_app7.1msselect `id`, `name`, `slug`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where (14157 between `subjects`.`_lft` and `subjects`.`_rgt` and `subjects`.`id` <> 15152) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null order by `_lft` asc
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:125
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
      • SubjectRepository.php#137satt_satt_mobile_app320μsselect * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 15152 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:137
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
      • SubjectRepository.php#140satt_satt_mobile_app150μsselect `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `slug`, `meta_og_title`, `meta_keyword`, `meta_description` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 14975 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 14975
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:38
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:60
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:235
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:293
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:325
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:76
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
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        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:77
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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        Bindings
        • 0: 15152
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        Backtrace
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:82
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:266
      • read_chapter.blade.php#948satt_satt_mobile_app210μsselect `id`, `title`, `passage` from `passages` where `id` = 598 and `passages`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 598
        Backtrace
        • view::academy.subject.read_chapter:948
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • view::academy.subject.read_chapter:939
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • restrict.blade.php#30satt_satt_mobile_app200μsselect * from `package_plans` where `status` = 'active' and `package_plans`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: active
        Backtrace
        • view::includes.restrict:30
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
      App\Models\Subject
      678Subject.php#?
      App\Models\Question
      42Question.php#?
      App\Models\QuestionOption
      42QuestionOption.php#?
      App\Models\SubjectDescription
      20SubjectDescription.php#?
      App\Models\Complete
      6Complete.php#?
      App\Models\PackagePlan
      3PackagePlan.php#?
      App\Models\User
      2User.php#?
      App\Models\Passage
      2Passage.php#?
      App\Models\SubCategory
      1SubCategory.php#?
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